Frederick Douglass Essay - 506 Words

Frederick Douglass The narrative piece written by Frederick Douglass is very descriptive and, through the use of rhetorical language, effective in describing his view of a slave’s life once freed. The opening line creates a clear introduction for what is to come, as he state, â€Å" the wretchedness of slavery and the blessedness of freedom were perpetually before me.† Parallel structure is present here, to emphasize the sanctity he has, at this point in his life, associated with freedom and the life-long misery he has associated with slavery. This justifies what he chooses to do next, as he leaves his chains and successfully reaches New York, a free state. The metaphor used within this description is also effective, as chains give the†¦show more content†¦He also states that he feels â€Å"like one who had escaped a den of hungry lions,† implying that he had been given an incredible sense of relief. This near-bliss feeling is shortly subsided as he realizes he is a stranger in this new land, for fear of falling into the wrong hands once again. Douglass describes the slave-owners as, â€Å"money-loving kidnappers,† and himself as the â€Å"panting fugitive slave;† while making another comparison yet, â€Å"as the ferocious beasts of the forest lie in wait for their prey.† Each of these images demonstrates the intense fear and inferiority Douglass feels toward slave-owners, even in his new state of freedom. He no longer views this as a free land, but â€Å"a land given up to be the hunting-ground for slave holders.† He fears everyone is against him, and he is forever being hunted, â€Å"as the hideous crocodile seizes upon his prey,† the slave owners feel no mercy, and would, if provided the opportunity, seize his life in an instant with no regrets, as the crocodile devours their prey. He continues with this trend of metaphors and similes to comp are slave-owners to â€Å"merciless men-hunters,† â€Å"wild beasts,† and â€Å"monsters of the deep,† while describing himself as, â€Å"perfectly helpless,† a â€Å"half-famished fugitive,† a â€Å"helpless fish,† and â€Å"the toil-worn, whip-scarred fugitiveShow MoreRelatedTrickery in Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass by Frederick Douglass1880 Words   |  8 Pagesthus they do not survive. In Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass by Frederick Douglass, Douglass harnesses the ability to conform to the world of trickery and conveys his journey to freedom. Through his appeal to pathos, use of dramatic asides, and application of anecdotes, Douglass expresses the necessity of slaves to play the game of trickery to survive in the world of tricksters. Effectively establishing an appeal to pathos, Douglass emphasize his raw emotions to the reader, allowing theRead MoreFrederick Douglass Essay817 Words   |  4 PagesAfrican-American man Frederick Douglass wrote his famous speech, â€Å"The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro†, America was in a time of great distress. It was the year 1852, and the view of abolitionists was quickly spreading. It was the time of both provocative literatures such as Uncle Tom’s Cabin, as well as important resolutions, such as the Dredd Scott decision, showing the contrast between views at the time, both positive and negative towards slavery. Frederick Douglass was a freed African-AmericanRead MoreFrederick Douglass : A Man949 Words   |  4 PagesDaniel Lee 12/6/15 Frederick Douglass Essay How did Frederick Douglass move from being a slave to a man? In Frederick Douglass’s autobiography, â€Å"Frederick Douglass,† Frederick Douglass, a black man born into slavery, went from being a slave to a man. His actions proved he was a man. Frederick Douglass was born into slavery in Tuckahoe, Maryland. Like many slaves, Frederick Douglass didn’t know his exact age or birthday, but he knew an estimate of his age. â€Å"I come to this, fromRead More Frederick Douglass Essays505 Words   |  3 Pages The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave is an account of Frederick Douglass’ life written in a very detached and objective tone. You might find this tone normal for a historical account of the events of someone’s life if not for the fact that the narrative was written by Frederick Douglass himself. In light of the fact that Douglass wrote his autobiography as a treatise in support of the abolishment of slavery, the removed tone was an effective tone. It gave force to hisRead MoreFrederick Douglass Essay691 Words   |  3 PagesFrederick Douglass Frederick Douglass was one of the most important black leaders of the Antislavery movement. He was born in 1817 in Talbot County, MD. He was the son of Harriet Bailey and an unknown white man. His mother was a slave so therefore he was born a slave. He lived with his grandparents until the age of eight, so he never knew his mother well. When he turned eight, he was sent to Aunt Kathy, a woman who took care of slave children on the plantation of Colonel Edward Lloyd. WhenRead MoreFrederick Douglass And Slavery.1438 Words   |  6 PagesFrederick Douglass and Slavery Frederick Douglass the most successful abolitionist who changed America’s views of slavery through his writings and actions. Frederick Douglass had many achievements throughout his life. His Life as a slave had a great impact on his writings. His great oratory skills left the largest impact on Civil War time period literature. All in all he was the best black speaker and writer ever. Douglass was born a slave in 1817, in Maryland. He educatedRead MoreEssay on Frederick Douglass658 Words   |  3 Pages Frederick Douglass nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Frederick Douglass was a man who was active until the day he died. Frederick Attended Anti-Slavery meetings and also attended meetings for Women?s rights. He believed everyone was equal it didnt matter if one was white, black, or green it also didnt matter what sex you were he believed everybody was equal. He achieved many things during his hard but great life. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Born on a plantation in Tuckahoe, near Easton, in TalbotRead MoreThe Slave By Frederick Douglass972 Words   |  4 Pagesthousands of years later. In â€Å"What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?† Frederick Douglass, a former slave, addresses an audience of white abolitionists on July 5th of 1852. He focuses on the disparity between the American values celebrated on the Independence Day and the issue of slavery. To do so, Douglass raises the question of to whom those values apply and explains why and how it should be different. Analyzing Douglass’ effort, we see that he is using arguments that trace back to the ancientRead MoreThe Narrative Of Frederick Douglass1835 Words   |  8 PagesIn Frederick Douglass article Figuring out how to Read and Write he clarifies the imperative part instruction plays in a man s life, and the things that you can achieve by figuring out how to peruse and compose. Figuring out how to make a contention did offer Douglass some assistance with obtaining his flexibility, as well as offered different slaves some assistance with getting their opportunity and annul subjugation. We can say that Douglass was fortunate he was taught by his paramour andRead MoreFrederick Douglass Essay559 Words   |  3 PagesFrederick Douglass Born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey on Marylands Eastern Shore in 1818, he was the son of a slave woman and, her white master. Upon his escape from slavery at age 20, he adopted the name of the hero of Sir Walter Scotts The Lady of the Lake. Douglass immortalized his years as a slave in Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (1845). This and two other autobiographies, My Bondage and My Freedom (1855) and The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass

Getting Away with Murder Aaron - 1464 Words

Getting Away with Murder Aaron Getting Away with Murder Aaron McKinney was recently convicted of second-degree murder for his role in the fatal bludgeoning of Matthew Shepard on October 6th of last year. During the opening statements of his trial, McKinneys attorneys argued that a homosexual advance from Shepard brought back a traumatic childhood experience which triggered five minutes of emotional rage and chaos (Cart Rests 1). The claim invoked, which was ultimately rejected by the judge presiding over the case, is known as the homosexual-panic or gay-panic defense. According to the Harvard Law Review, this defense, a manifestation of the temporary insanity plea, is premised on the theory that a person with latent†¦show more content†¦In 1996, Henry Adams, a psychologist at the University of Georgia, devised a way to see if gay bashing was related to suppressed homosexual urges. He recruited a group of men between the ages of 18 and 31, categorizing them as either homophobic or non-homophobic. They were then shown explicit erotic videos depicting straight, gay and lesbian sex, during which penile circumference was measured by a plethysmograph. As a result of the video depicting gay sex, eighty percent of the homophobic participants showed moderate to definite tumescense as compared to thirty percent of the non-homophobic subjects (Stryker 5). Professor Adams concluded that most homophobes demonstrate significant arousal to homosexual erotic stimuli, suggesting that homophobia is a form of latent homosexuality where persons are either unaware or deny their homosexual urges (Adams 441; Antigay 1). The homosexual panic defense is based on the theory that homophobic men may actually have repressed homosexual urges. Homophobia is often indicative of self-loathing homosexual feelings; many homophobes subconsciously use anti-gay attitudes as a disguise for their own homosexuality. Dr. Patrick Suraci, the author of Male Sexual Armor, suggests that a gay basher wrestling with homosexual im pulses of his own, instead of being able to accept those homosexual feelings within himself, he wants to kill those feelingsShow MoreRelatedThe Psychology Behind the Film Primal Fear by: Gary a Baldwin Jr.1685 Words   |  7 Pagesfor this disorder using cognitive behavior therapy. â€Å"Primal Fear† is the story of a young man who is accused of the murder of an archbishop. With all the evidence pointing towards him as the target suspect, an ambitious and vagarious lawyer comes to his aid with the hopes of proving his innocence’s. In the process, he discovers an unexpected secret that leaves the audience blown away. It’s a non-stop thriller with a suspenseful twist. To understand the character Roy we must first look at his behavioralRead MoreAll Over The Road So A Cop1121 Words   |  5 Pagesfines. Josh Gordon has had multiple arrests for drugs. He was a great talent wasted to drugs and alcohol. He hurt the NFL by showing that it is okay to do drugs and try to get away with it. Thinking he can just come back and play when he wanted to. He then was suspended and when he came back played a few games before getting suspended again showing role models that even when you get caught it is okay to keep doing it again. Aldon Smith also comes up in this discussion. He was a great talent wastedRead MoreThe Movie Primal Fear879 Words   |  4 PagesIn the movie Primal Fear, Aaron was diagnosed with Dissociative Identity Disorder by the psychiatrist. As the plot is set up in the movie, everything seems to fall into place and fit with the doctor’s diagnosis. As the psychiatrist was interviewing Aaron and getting to know him, his rough childhood cou ld have led to the disorder. Since DID is typically caused by severe childhood trauma, I believe the stories Aaron was telling along with his actions matched up to the psychiatrist’s diagnosis. WithRead More Violence in Video Games Essay examples1114 Words   |  5 PagesViolence in Video Games My friend Aaron rocked me with an unsuspecting blow to the stomach. â€Å"Oww, what was that for?!?† I asked him in shock. â€Å"You stole my kill,† he responded. We were playing the very violent, very bloody, very popular shoot ‘em up video game, Halo for the XBOX. Aaron was always a nice, well-mannered, and generally friendly person, until we met in the video game arena. It was almost as if he was a completely changed person once the game was popped into the XBOX disk driveRead MoreAn Analysis of Forensic Psychology in the Film, Primal Fear2856 Words   |  11 Pagesis a legal thriller with Martin Vail represented as an ambitious; high profile Chicago Defense Lawyer hired to defend Aaron Kentucky charged with murder of Chicagos Archbishop, Richard Rushman. During the trial, Martin Vail discloses that the Archbishop was involved in sexual harassment and other political issues. Based on various substantial factors, Martin Vail believed that Aaron suffered f rom Multiple Personality Disorder, which instigated his action of killing the Archbishop. Vail highlightedRead MoreJust Kill Em? Essay1431 Words   |  6 Pagesexpensive, affects the poor and minorities more than others, and (even though many people think it is true) the death penalty does not deter crime. A common argument for the death penalty is the idea of â€Å"an eye for an eye.† If someone commits murder then they should be killed as a punishment, but how much are we willing to pay for this way of thinking? An eye for an eye comes with a large price tag. According to an article in the California Law Review, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)Read MoreThe Lilly Kane Murder Trial Interest967 Words   |  4 Pages She waits for Saturday before she stalks Aaron Echolls again. Digging up his credit history, fine, she could do that between classes. Phone logs were a little sketchier, apparently Mr. Echolls had up to three cell phones, she would have to talk to Logan about that. And internet info†¦ She was put off enough by the number of times people in that house Google-d themselves, she didn’t have time to stomach the porn. The Lilly Kane murder trial interest was morbid, but she figured she could relateRead MoreGod Is A Chosen By God1697 Words   |  7 Pageshave the best of everything including education. Despite all the amenities available to Moses, he had a heart for his own people and chose to cast away the religious belief of his adopted family. He chose to embrace the belief and God that his birth mother had endeared to him, the true and living God. This showed he was a man of integrity, to turn away from the wealth and comfortable lifestyle of Pharaoh’s house a nd live as a Hebrew man. Integrity is a component in leadership but as humans oftenRead MoreThe Atlanta Murders Of 1979–1981, Sometimes Called The1669 Words   |  7 PagesAtlanta murders of 1979–1981, sometimes called the Atlanta Child Murders (although several of the purported victims were adults), were a series of murders committed in the American city of Atlanta, Georgia, from the middle of 1979 until May 1981. Over the two-year period, at least 28 African-American children, adolescents and adults were killed. Wayne Williams, an Atlanta native who was 23 years old at the time of the last murder, was arrested for and convicted of two of the adult murders, and sentencedRead MoreFootball Is Dangerous And Something That Should Not Be Played Or Watched By People1486 Words   |  6 Pagesplayed and watched because a lot of players work hard to fight towards the ultimate goal of making it in the National Football League despite the possibilities of injury. It is the player’s responsibi lity to know when it is time for them to walk away and take the proper safety procedures to keep them from injuring themselves. The players work hard and do plenty of conditioning to try to keep them in shape and prevent their bodies from breaking down. Many kids who play do it because they love the

Principles of Advertising Study Guide Free Essays

* Advertising Business – Either using an agency or have your own advertising department/advertise on your own. Government – is a regulatory body, create laws to regulate advertising, things you can advertise and things you cant advertise Cigarete Comercials on TV Lobby – Corp trying to lobby gov. to change for the good, two forces, that think gov, is a positive thing and thinks its good for them to regulate everything and keep things in order. We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of Advertising Study Guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now others who think the gov. needs to be smaller, and that they should not have as much control. Society – the culture that your brought up in, tradition, morals and values of the people. Business Finance – the amount of money involved in advertising to promote your product. Marketing – Finding a need that the people want, and filling that need. Advertising – Non personal (to everyone whose watching, not just to one person), Always paid for, communication of info about the companies product, service or idea through the various medias (Television, Radio, Magazines, Internet) Public Relations – figuring out what the people want. Publicity – exactly like advertising but free Personal Selling – what you selling is relatively expensive, and exclusive. Trade shows – where companies get to meet perspective corp. uyers, they can buy a lot of stuff on behalf of their company. Promotions – any inducement or excitement to get you excited about the companies product. (giving out free t-shirts) Operations – whatever the company does Types of markets advertising goes after Consumer Market – things you might see o n tv or hear on the radio Business/Profesional Market Government – Trying to sell things to the government, and Profesional – advertising for accounting software, and things that your generally not going to read for pleasure, but there going to be ways to improve your business. Bar Magazines, no one is going to buy the stuff in that magazine, but owners of restraunts are going to buy it. Business – trying to get your beer on the first shelf, and dealing with the grocery store , or liquor store Integrated Marketing system – Customers hear from a various amount of different markets. (Flagler College business Cards) The consistency so everyone knows what a companies about, and what their image, logo, and slogan is. All state – Have their lil slogan on anything they hand out, â€Å"The Good Hands People†, and have their logo on most things, and have their color that they always use, so it will last in peoples memories and they associate everything their company with it. Art to creating proper advertising to get their message out properly. Theres going to be a persona (Spokesperson), a Medium (Getting the message out with a catchy phrase or something) , and the way people will receive it. Spokesperson – Someone that speaks on behalf of a company. hey can be a person (like William Shatner for priceline) but they can also be a persona (like Ronald Mc’Donald), pretty much any person that’s getting the companies message out. They should be catchy, and will use catchy phrases (subway foot-long song, or I want my Baby Back Ribs) You need that artistic eye, certain color combos can make all the difference and mean completely different things. A lot of times they will a dvertise things as being bigger, and sounding better than they are. A lot of companies will take out some of the product, Bags of potato chips, making a beer only 11. 5 ounces rather than 12. out of 5 dentist recommend it ( that’s not a lot of dentist out of the millions that exist) Price Economic Argument – Argument that competition Exclusive Distributions – you need to buy the right to sell a certain product in that area. Advertising perpetuating stereotypes – advertising can sometimes bring out stereotypes for certain people. They have women in the kitchen in commercials, and men always doing the work. Ad agencies need to regulate themselves, they actually meet every year to figure out what they can do, and what they can’t do. FTC – Federal trade commission deal with any company that does trade with more than one state. If there is not trading involved in more than one state than it is generally just regulated by the states capital The FTC will tell people to not air something, and make sure that nothing offensive is on the air. If you don’t sign the consent to agree then you have make another commercial correcting your mistake, and putting out a new ad with the correction on your expense. (corrective advertising) Puffery – is exaggeration, and that is something you can do. * self actualization – becoming the top , ceo, of a company, you’ve proven to the world that your at the top, and are very successful. Generally these people will buy the expensive cars, boats, jets, watches, and ect. * Assumption Factor – Never assume you know what your target is, or what they want. * Task Utility – product or service that does something for you, makes doing a task easier. * Premade food * Form utility – when a manufacturer puts together hundreds of pieces that yo u would not want to do. * A computer being built for you, a chair, ect. * Time Utility – product or service available when you want it. * Can’t buy a Harley Davidson right away, going to be at least a few months to get one. * Where utility – the product is available where you want. This includes being delivered to your house. * â€Å"Perception is the reality† – if you perceive a product to be better, than it is. * * Ch. 1 Advertising Today Advertising lets customer aware of a product, comprehend what its used for, and see how it is different from its competition. Info will help create a conviction, that this product is better. It will then give the customer a desire to buy from this retailer, and help them take the action to buy a product. Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) – when consumers receive consistent and positive messages about a brand. Marketing Communications – Tools that companies and organizations use to initate and maintain contact with their customer, clients, and prospects. Advertising – is the structured and composed nonpersonal communication of information, usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature, about products by identified sponsors through various media. A type of communication, structured, and composed Directed to groups of people, not individuals so its nonpersonal Most is paid for by sponsors Public service messages – carried at no charge because of their nonprofit status. Product – encompasses goods, services, and ideas. Medium – the channel of communication advertising reaches us through. Word of mouth (WOM) – when you tell somebody how much you like a product. Becoming more popular thanks to twitter and facebook. Mass Media – the traditional way of advertising. Addressable media – direct mail. Interactive media – the internet Nontradional media – shopping carts, blimps, and dvds. * Two types of dimensions in advertising * Communication dimension – how advertising is actually a form of structured, literary communication. Marketing dimension – explains the important role advertising plays in business. Economic dimension – shows how and why advertising evolved as it did. Social and ethical dimension – considers the impact of advertising on consumers, businesses and society. * Source Dimension Sponsor – the company advertising a product or idea, legally responsible for the communication and has a message to communicate to actual consumers. Author – the sponsors ad agency, a creative team at an ad agency. Persona – real or imaginary spokesperson who lends some voice or tone to the ad. * Message dimension Autobiographical – tell a story about myself to you the imaginary audience. Narrative messages – a third-person persona tells a story about others to an imagined audience. Drama message – the characters act out events directly in front on an imagined epmpathetic audience. * Reciever Dimensions Implied consumers – Adressed by the ad’s persona, imagined by the ad’s creators to be the ideal consumers who accept uncritically the arguments made by the ad. Sponsorial consumer- the gatekeepers who decide if the ad will run or not, group of decision makers at the sponsors organization. Actual Consumer – people in the real world who make up the ad’s target audience. They will actually get to see and hear the ad . * Feedback – completes the cycle, verifying that the message was received. * Every business has three broad functional division – Operations, Finance, and Marketing. * Marketing – the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, distribution, and promotion of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that atisfy the perceived needs, wants, and objectives of individuals and organizations. Consumer advertising – most advertising falls under this category. Retail advertising – advertising sponsored by retail stores and businesses. PSA (Public Service Announcements) – Industrial / Business Markets Business to business – rarely seen by the actually consumer, because they will generally specialize in one department. Kitchen Magazines for restraunts. Trade Advertising – Wholesalers, retailers, and dealers. Generally a product is sold to these companies so they can get rid of a mass quanity at one time. Professional advertising – advertising aimed at teachers, accountants, doctors, engineers, ect. Used to convince professionals to recommend or prescribe a specific product or service, to buy brands of equipment and supplies for use in their work, or to use the product personally. Agricultural advertising – to promote products and services used in agriculture to farmers and other employed in agribusiness. Price strategies – Image advertising – creates a perception of a company or a personality for a brand, is rarely explicit about price. Almost never mention price, but always say how cool it is to have their product. Sale advertising – used most often by retailers, dealers, and shops to call attention to a recent drop in the price of a brand or service. Place : Global, international, national, regional, and local. Promotion Personal selling – face to face interaction or telemarketing. Usually high priced items like cars or real estate. Product advertising – service and goods Nonproduct advertising – sells ideas Noncommercial advertising – seeks donations, volunteers, or changes in consumer behavior. Awareness advertising – wants to create an image for a product and position it competitively with the goal of getting readers or viewrers more aware of their product. Action advertising (Direct-response) – toll free number for immediate information. Sales promotion – coupons, free samples, contests, or rebates on the purchase price. Public Relations – Collateral materials – brocures, catalogs, posters, sales kits, instruction booklet, ect. Art Director – responsible for visuals Creative Director – responsible for all creative departments Typically comes from the copy side * Graphic designer – works on the visuals * Rainmaker – acountive executive, they pitch what advertising agency can do * Copy-writer – responsible for the slogan, and words * Resignance – you get what the ad is trying to get through, or say to you. Relevant – good ads should all be relevant, has some type of reason. * What good advertising should do : Inform – where is product, how much does it cost, what is it, Persuasion – should give you reasons to try product or service Reminding – have to continue to let you know that they are still there. Objective statement  œ what ad is trying to accomplish, are you solving a problem, something that makes life easier Supportive Statement – what can you put in there to support what you are saying Getting a spokesperson, athlete to go in there to back up the product. Primary demand – demand for the entire product class Selective demand – demand for a particular brand. Abundance principle – states that in an economy that produces more goods and services than can be consumed, advertising serves two important purposes. Keeps consumers informed of their alternatives (Complete information) It allows companies to compete more effectively for consumer dollars (Self-Interest) * Why people are against advertising Short term manipulative arguments – saying advertising is deceptive or manipulative. Puffery – exaggerated, subjective claims that can’t be proven true or false, such as â€Å"the best†, or â€Å"the only way to fly†. Non-product facts – aimed not at the product but the consumer, and does not really give any information about the actual product. Such as â€Å"Pepsi. The choice of a new generation†. Social or enviormental impact of advertising – long-term macro arguments. Manipulates us into buying things we don’t need. Replacing our citizen democracy with a selfish consumer democracy. Only 17 percent of consumers view advertising as a source of information to help them decide what to buy. Too much advertising. * Ethical – means doing what is morally right in a given situation. * Social responsibility – doing what society views as the best for the welfare of people in general or for a specific community of people. * CARU (Childrens Advertising Review Unit – promotes responsible children’s advertising and to respond to public concerns, self regulatory guidelines for childrens advertising. * Fair information practice principles Notice – requires website to clearly post its privacy policy Choice – consumers level of control over being profiled and how their information is used Access – ability for consumer to access information collected about them and make amendments to it. Security – requires advitisers to protect the data they have colleceted Enforcement – requires all industry members subject themselves to third party monitoring by independent company. FTC – major regulator of advertising for products sold in interstate commerce. Substantiation – supporting data and scientific studies to their products purpose Endorsements – the person promoting the product can’t be misleading, he has to actually use that product himself. Affirmative disclosure – gives health warnings Remedies for unfair advertising Consent decree – document the advertiser signs agreeing to stop the objectionable advertising Cease and desist order – when consent decree wont be signed ftc may prohibit further use of the ad. Corrective decree – explains how their ad was wrong before and corrects the misleading mistake. FCC – responsible for protecting the public interest and encouraging competition. Four distinct groups in advertising Advertisers – companies that sponsor advertising for themselves and their products. Advertising agencies – helps the advertisers plan, create, and prepare ad campaigns and other promotional materials. Suppliers – assist both advertisers and agencies in preparing advertising materials. Media – sell time and space to carry the advertisers message to the target audience. Local advertising – targeting customers in their geographic area. Sometimes called retail advertising because retail stores account for so much of it. Dealers or local franchisees of national companies. Stores sell a variety of items. (grocery, department stores, convience) Speciality businesses and services (Banks, restaurants) Governmental, and nonprofit organizations. Product advertising – promotes a specific product or service Regular price-line advertising – informs consumers about services or merchandise offered at regular prices. Accounting firms might use regualar price-line Sales advertising – placing items on sale and offering deals Clearance advertising – making room for a new product line getting rid of the old stuff at a low price Institutional advertising – create a favorable long-term perception of the business as a whole, not just of a particular product or service. â€Å"Im loving campagn†. More of an idea Classified advertising – locate and recruit new empoyees, offer services, sell or lease merchandise. Integrated marketing communications – (IMC) joining together in a consistent manner everything that communicates with customers. Co-op advertising – build the manufacturers brand image and to help its distributors, dealers, or retailers make more sales. Newspapers – want to advertise in newspaper because a lot of people, different sections for different types of ads, and can also be local. Disadvantage – poor production, no high quality animation and mostly black and white. Ad is normally short termed, because new paper comes out everyday. How to cite Principles of Advertising Study Guide, Essay examples

The Importance of National Belonging in the Development of Nation States free essay sample

Prior to the late 19th Century Europe consisted of many small states that lacked a sense of unity. The sentiment stirred up in the wake of the French Revolution; the idea of a sovereign people with natural rights and equality appeared attractive to many of these nations. Around this time Europe saw the emergence of Nation States encompassing a people who had a shared history, culture, language, religion and beliefs. How important this sense of national belonging was is something we shall explore by looking at events in such places as Germany, Italy and France. We will decide whether it was patriotism or other factors such as warfare and the rise of industry which had the biggest parts to play on the European stage. Above we have just described the common factors which contribute to making a nation; find one territory with specific boundaries and borders and fill it with these people and you would in theory have made a nation state. However the idea of national belonging is not quite so black and white, nor so easy an idea to prove. Ernest Renan, a noted theologian seemed to realise that rules about having a shared language or shared religion were simply not realistic when taking into account minority communities and religious toleration. Instead Renan makes allowances that in some areas factors such as these would be contributory but actually in his words ‘A nation is therefore a vast solidarity, constituted by the feeling of sacrifice one has made in the past and of those that one is prepared to make in the future. Renan continues stating that it is ‘the clearly expressed desire to pursue a common life. ’ This swing towards nationalism was sparked in part by the cultural movement which followed the Enlightenment period and was known as Romanticism. An era when poetry, music and art were increasingly used to influence the nation, the movement supported ideas such as the importance of national pride giving precedence to ‘senses and emotion over reason and intellect. German artist Caspar David Friedrich captured this sentiment in his painting The Oak Tree in Snow which depicted a barren tree with new life springing from the roots symbolising a lost past with the promise of future new growth. This was particularly poignant as the Oak Tree was a symbol for German national sentiment. Similarly in Italy the poet Ugo Foscolo wrote ‘How thou art humiliated by foreigners who have the presumption to seek to master thee! But who can depict thee better than he who is destined to see hy beauty all his life long? ’ Foscolo’s argued that tourists could not appreciate the greatness of his country, only those who could share in its history can take possession of the pride that accompanies the honour of being Italian. These two examples are interesting because at the time of their publication no Germany or Italy as we know them today yet existed so this at least proves that in the minds of those living by Romanticism values at least thought that national sentiment was desperately important. In addition to the evidence of Romanticism championing the unification cause Germany and Italy shared some other similarities. Firstly, and perhaps most obviously we can tell from studying a ‘before and after’ map. In 1815 Italy was a collection of many smaller states some of which we know were controlled by the Austrian empire and Germany is a jigsaw of German speaking states. However by 1914 clear boundaries had been drawn and both territories are much more obviously defined. Also both countries contained several nationalist activist groups, some public, some as secret societies who all had the same aim of achieving unity but for different reasons and with variations on the end result. In Italy the strength of opinion was such that some organisations were willing to use violence such as in the case of the Carbonari group who proclaimed ‘He alone is worthy of life who loves his country’. Revolutionary group Young Italy was also key in generating public support for the Risorgimento (Resurrection) nationalists. Germany also contained these pressure groups and parties from both countries took part in the rebellions of 1848 and while both had some success, yet another similarity is that both were eventually beaten back in Italy by Austrian intervention and in Germany by the Prussian King Frederick William IV. The revolutions swept across much of Europe leaving thousands dead in the name of unification. This however does not necessarily mean that it was patriotism or an unqualified sense of national belonging that drove them. Other considerations included for businessmen policies for reviving trade, students were concerned about poor job prospects and a lack of social status and peasants wanted an end to the last vestiges remaining of the medieval feudal system. For the peasants at least it is most likely this was their sole motivation as the concept of nationalism would have meant little to them in their daily struggle to feed and clothe their families. Both Germany and Italy appeared to be committed to unification and key figures helped to bring this about. In Germany Gottfried Herder significantly influenced public opinion with his philosophical ideas about human nature. Herder placed huge importance on national language ‘Has a people anything dearer than the speech of its fathers? ’ He goes on to say that the culture of a people ‘thrives only by means of the nation’s inherited and inheritable dialect. ’ This idea is so fundamental to Herder’s beliefs that he says ‘no greater injury can be inflicted on a nation than to be robbed of her national character, the peculiarity of her spirit and her language’. Herder however gives little consequence to the political aspects and it is possible therefore that the changes which inevitably took place in Germany were not due to his romanticism based contributions but this does tell us how strongly he felt about the importance of national sentiment. In Italy it was figures such as Count Camillo di Cavour who propelled the unification forward but his motives were much different from that of Herder. Cavour conspired with Napoleon III of France against the Austrians which resulted in several territories becoming part of Sardinia where Cavour happened to be Prime Minister. Giuseppe Garibaldi was a respected military commander throughout this period of war whose notable success was motivated by his vision of a united Italy. Unification of both countries was hardly plain sailing and problems arose for various reasons. Italy perhaps suffered because the reason for the unification had been more political than sentimental. Massimo d’Azeglio, a pro nationalist is believed to have said ‘We have made Italy, now we have to make Italians. ’ The death of Camillo di Cavour regardless of his motives was described as ‘the architect of national unity’ and his death in 1861 was a definitive blow to the cause. Germany’s problems centralized around regional rivalries with people confused as to whether they first belonged to their region or their country, this was certainly the case with some Bavarians. It has commonly been supposed that all of the events leading to unification of countries such as Germany and Italy and the revolutions that shook Europe were triggered in France by the revolution of 1789-1799 as can be seen in this statement; ‘The French Revolution completed the nation which became one and indivisible’. Many in France had sought an end to an absolute monarchy and what was deemed an autocratic domination by the French government. Instead they hoped for a shift towards modernity where all men would be equal under the law and have no special privileges simply because one happened to be born aristocratic or have an elitist position in society. The end of feudalism and the ‘ancien’ (old) regime gave way to new ideas summarised once more by Ernest Renan ‘It is France’s glory to have proclaimed, through the French Revolution, that a nation exists by itself The principle of nationhood is ours’. It would be reasonable then to suppose that France had enjoyed great success in providing a patriotic example that other countries hoped to follow and yet once again we find resistance and also some contradictions. While some supported unity for political reasons such as in the case of the Leon Gambetta, a French statesman who supported republicanism, he said in a letter to the leader of the Breton armed forces in 1870 ‘I beg you to forget that you are Bretons, and to remember only that you are French. While a novelist later in 1884 remarked ‘the word patrie signifies nothing and stirs nothing. It exists no more in local speech than in local hearts. ’ It is hard to assimilate all the opinions and motivations for why the French either supported or rejected the idea of national belonging but it does seem that the more urbanised areas, under the direction of intellectuals, students and politicians for their own agendas were more in favour of being ‘Frenchmen’ than those who resided in more isolated, rural communities occupied mostly by peasant farmers who wanted peace not war. Peasant farmers in particular were to suffer greatly when we consider how the rise of industry commonly termed as the industrial revolution were to affect national feelings. While the ending of feudalism had allowed some peasantry to buy small patches of land, for others, some who were affected by the enclosure laws could find themselves as landless labourers unable to grow their food or gather fuel from common land. In Britain the Chartism movement of 1839 sought to represent all workers who found themselves in a piteous position uniting opinion against social injustice. We are bowed down under a load of taxes our traders are trembling on the verge of bankruptcy, our workmen are starving, capital brings no profit and labour no remuneration. ’ Chartists and their Parisian counter parts the Artisans identified themselves as socialists. Obviously this was a time of great economic change and awareness of class distinctions at the time of the industrial boom was growing. Karl Marx was a German radical whose notion of Socialism was closely linked to that of Communism which he and his colleague Frederick Engels was active in promoting. Marx was particularly concerned about the struggle of society with relevance to these class distinctions. He highlighted in his ‘The Communist Manifesto’ ‘The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles’ Marx states that the working class (proletariat) and the new middle class (bourgeoisie) are fighting these ‘class struggles’ over the means of production. He claims that the bourgeoisie exploits the proletariat and was motivated by ‘naked self-interest. He goes on to say however that the lower bourgeoisie class will also suffer as the higher middle class overtake them too. ‘Partly because their diminutive capital does not suffice for the scale on which modern industry is carried on their specialised skill is rendered worthless by new methods of production. ’ Marx’s conclusion being that eventually the middle classes and the working class would find themselves in much the same situation and have more in common. This therefore was the significant factor pointing towards nationalism and not the sense of national belonging or sentiment itself. Having considered the factors which were successful in bringing about unification it appears that political reasons had the greater impact. Cavour enjoyed success in Italy through negotiations which involved war and gaining new territory. Herder in Germany relied on sentimental and romanticism theories but Germany encountered difficulties in rallying the nation who were confused about their regional or national identity. Educated French sectors of society were enthusiastic but failed to significantly influence the peasantry while radicals like Marx renounced any importance of the idea of national belonging. Still it is impossible to ignore that there were many individuals such as Foscolo, Friedrich and Garibaldi who shared a united vision of a united country but it is unlikely that their sense of national belonging was the major significant factor in the development of nation states.